Feng Chen Qin Hu Yu Zhou a School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, Chinab National Center for Applied Mathematics in Hunan, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, Chinac School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, ChinaFeng Chen is an assistant professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Jiaotong University. Her research interests are spatial statistics, spatial data modelling and spatial econometric analysis. Her contributions to this paper include conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, writing–original draft, writing–review & editing.Qin Hu is a master student in the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Jiaotong University. Her research interests are spatial data modelling and machine learning. Her contributions to this paper include data curation, investigation, software, validation, visualization, writing–original draft, writing–review & editing.Yu Zhou is a professor in the National Center for Applied Mathematics in Hunan and School of Mathematics and Computational Science at Xiangtan University, and previously worked as a professor in the School of Geographic Sciences at East China Normal University. His research interests are geographical spatio-temporal data analysis, including quantitative geography, like spatial analysis and geocomputation, and applied mathematics, such as time series analysis and nonlinear dynamics. His contributions to this paper include conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, supervision, writing–original draft, writing–review & editing.