Usman Mehmood Uznir Ujang Suhaibah Azri a Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, 3D City Modeling Lab, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysiab No. 8 Geodetic Unit, Directorate of Printing and Geodesy, Survey of Pakistan, Rawalpindi, PakistanUsman Mehmood, PhD, is a geospatial researcher with a PhD in Geoinformatics from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). His research interests include GIS, 3D city modelling, spatio-temporal analysis and the application of 3D GIS and machine learning for intelligent maintenance of high-rise buildings and smart urban systems. His contributions include conceptualization, data collection, analysis, methodology and writing.Uznir Ujang, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in the Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, where he leads the 3D GIS Research Group. His research interests include 3D city modelling, 3D GIS, topology and Geographic Information Science (GISc) for urban geospatial analysis. His contributions include conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing, review and editing.Suhaibah Azri, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in the Geoinformation Department, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Her research focuses on geospatial data organization and management, relational databases, and 3D GIS and spatial analysis for urban planning and smart city applications. Her contributions include conceptualization, writing, review and editing.